What makes Shakespeare's plays so very popular, even after all these Research Paper

What makes Shakespeare's plays so very popular, even after all these years - Research Paper Example Shakespeare’s plays are universal in the sense that they reflect reality. This reality is not the objective reality. Rather it is a kind of inner reality that dwell within the being of a man and that shapes the objective reality itself. In apparently simplistic language, but with rich metaphors and imagery, most of the Shakespeare’s plays lay bare the existence of that very existential being before the audiences. Indeed Shakespeare was a modern artist ahead of modernism, because though â€Å"Existentialism officially emerged in the middle of the 20th century many authors expressed familiar ideas much earlier. Shakespeare’s Hamlet posts some existentialist questions and expresses existentialist ideas† (Essay-911). Along with this exposure of a modern man’s naked inner self, his artistic bent to present the most complicated and the most clandestine truth through the simplest and the most appealing poetic language wins the heart of modern people with the least effort, as in this regard Johnson says, â€Å"Shakespeare is above all writers, at least above all modern writers, the poet of nature; the poet that holds up to his readers a faithful mirror of manners and of life† (3). His art of characterizations also takes him to the core of human heart. His characters are not confined within the norms and rituals of a particular society; rather they are shaped by the common dynamics of human nature that exists in all the societies. Shakespeare’s portrayal of the characters is â€Å"not modified by the customs of particular places, unpractised by the rest of the world; by the peculiarities of studies or professions† (5). Modern existentialist scholars tend to mark the universality of the characters -of Shakespeare’s plays- as the portrayal of human’s very existential self. Such appraisal of Shakespeare’s art of characterization appears to be partial, not complete. But Johnson marks Shakespeare’s characters as the portrayal of humanity as he says,

African American Essay Example for Free

African American Essay White privilege is a way conceptualizing racial inequalities that white people accrue from society. It can be defined as a privilege advantage over non- white people, and give special freedom or immunity which non-white groups are not exempt from. An underexposed part of racism in America is the White people have a privilege that other American like the black race doesn’t. Defining White Privilege Autoredirect to Main Site. Web. 13 Apr. 2012.. White Privileged involve low crime suburban neighborhood, not facing poverty, and not facing injustice. The three majors articles that gives us a clear understanding as to White Privilege are Cradle to Prison Pipeline, Multicultural Community Practice strategies and intergroup empowerment, and Community Organization the elderly poor in San Franciscos Tenderloin District The articles will be discussed the different discrimination as to what is considered to be White Privileges in short to be white and privilege in our society. In our society the poor generally get blamed for all of the world’s problem, as the government official generally put the spotlight on the poor who are always in need where more than half our budget poured out to them year after year with no relief in sight. The poor are generally seen as causing their own problems and are poor because they want to be poor. Author Mr. Gutierrez quotes â€Å"In July 1998, Mayor Rudolph Giuliani pledged to end welfare and make New York City the work capital of the country. Individuals participating in New York Citys Family Assistance program had 15 year time limit on benefits and were required to participate in mandatory work activities, primarily Workfare. In addition, childless adults receiving assistance through the citys Safety Net program also were required to participate in work activities. New York Citys Work Experience Program, which went into effect in 1995, was heralded as the centerpieces of Giulianis efforts to move people off welfare rolls and into jobs. Members of Community Voice Heard an organization of made up low income people who were receiving public assistance-mostly women of color with children- indicated that they had not seen any positive change. Work force is a phony and it doesnt lead to jobs Gutierrez, Lorranie. Chapter 18. Multicultural Community Practice Strategies and Intergroup Empowerment. Thousand Oaks,CA, 2005. 342-48. Print.. â€Å"The local perception of the lack of real jobs matched the Department of Labor’ data, particular poor areas. For example in January 1998, New York City’s unemployment rate was at 9. 1% among the highest in the country. In the boroughs of Brooklyn and the Bronx, unemployment rates were at 10. 6% and 11. 0% respectively. Moreover, even with the national economy booming at that time, most newly created jobs that paid close to a living wage required job skills at a higher level than most Workfare participants had. Most jobs created were in the service industry, which pays very low wages. It was clear that Workfare was not assisting people in moving out poverty and finding that paid a living wage†. Gutierrez, Lorranie. Chapter 18. Multicultural Community Practice Strategies and Intergroup Empowerment. Thousand Oaks,CA, 2005. 342-48. Print. On the other hand as more poor whites are received welfare and receive public aid. The concept is that there are more blacks receiving welfare, and they are lazy milking the system. Welfare critics still state that Blacks should not set 33 percent of public aid as they only make up 12 percent of the general population. About 46. 2 percent of white receive public benefits of being white privilege. The critics and society shift the burden to blacks as White are seen as not even being a part of the system. White privilege is seen even in this dynamics, as our society overlook a certain segment of our society because of their race. In author Meredith Minkler article Community Organizing in San Francisco’s Tenderloin District he stated that â€Å"A culturally diverse, mixed -use, residential area, the forty- five- block district known as the Tenderloin is home to large numbers of elders on small fixed income, younger people with physical and mental disabilities, immigrants, and homeless people. Often just a step remove from homelessness, many of these residents confront daily the interrelated problems of health, social isolation, and powerlessness as a result of poverty and social marginalization. Three hundred times more densely populated than the city as a whole, this neighborhood for years has had the highest crime rate San Francisco. The city’s failure to enforce housing codes or building ordinances, the absence of any major grocery store chain, and the highest density of alcohol outlets in the city contribute to the prevalence of inadequate and unsafe housing, under nutrition and alcoholism†. Upper class elderly Whites people living in San Francisco’s live have had more opportunity to get the wealth as they were not open to blacks. Many others of these elders attribute their wealth as inheritance, as they contribute their wealth as nothing they have done. The elders’ whites have had a better starting point in life than blacks, as they live in the best neighborhoods within San Francisco and generally do not have to deal with not having health care and or becoming homeless. White Privilege gives them the all the power within our society to obtain all that life offers. Minkler, Meredith. Organizing with the Elderly Poor. Community Organizing with the Elderly Poor in San Franciscos Tenderloin District. New Jersey, 2005. 273-75. Print. Lastly in the article â€Å"An Overview of Key Factors Contributing to America’s Cradle to Prison Pipeline Crisis† focus on key points which are poor children of color are the canaries in America’s deep mines of racial and economic injustice, Homicide is the leading cause of death among Black males 15-34. Black males ages 15-19 are almost four times as likely as their White peers to die from firearms injury and are six times as likely to be homicide victims, and about 580,000 Black males are serving sentences in state or federal prison, while fewer than 40,000 Black males earn a bachelor’s degree each year. One in 3 Black men, 20-29 years old, is under correctional supervision or control. Chapter 1. An Overview of Key Factors Contributing to Americas Cradle to Prison Pipeline Crisis. 15-17. Web. Apr. -May 2012. . In a study published by Deidre Royster stated radicalized employment networks can benefit whites at the expense of black people. Deirde Royster research found out that black and whites who graduated from the same school with the same skill found that whites graduate more often, get employ, get high paid position, experienced less unemployment, and received my promotions. Deirde Roster concluded that the main cause of these racial differences was due to social networking. Since Whites control all the prestigious high paid jobs, they are more likely to offer assistance in their social network which is white people. Assistance can be anything from referrals, job vacancy information, formal and informal training, directed Job recruitment and leniency in supervision. White people are given the high paying jobs but blacks at are disadvantage in the employment sector that they are force to take minimum wage jobs. Other reacher by Deidre Royster shows there is a correlation between a persons name is more likely to receive a called back for a job interview. a good example is a names like John Smith or Mary Johnson the people with white sounding names are 60 percent likely to get a called back than people with black sounding name like Shiek Ail or Renee Burgess. This is despite equal resume quality between the two racial groups. White Privilege. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Dec. 2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2012. . An area in the Bronx, NY name Hunt Point where predominately Black and Hispanic live in has many social problem in the community. Hunts Point is considered a â€Å"Red Light District† area that has suffered from poverty and crime for a litany of years and is the poorest district in the Bronx County. The 41st police department in Hunts Point records shows Hunt Point has the highest crime violent in the whole New York City at 13. 3 percent. There is a drug trade going on in the area where the drug dealers are selling drugs to people in the community which instinctively become junkies. Hunts Point has also been known for its notorious prostitution. The prostitutes with their provocative outfits would be on the street to morning to nighttime trying to provide sexual services to get paid. The prostitution industry was so enormous that writers from HBO channel did four documentaries about the prostitution going on in Hunts Point and how it affect the community and the people living in there. Hunts Point, Bronx. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Sept. 2012. Web. 14 Apr. 2012. . In another area right outside the Bronx there is City Island a peaceful suburban place where the population is predominately white. The City Island area just from observing you will see the reflection of a peaceful suburban community as white children play safely in the street where their parents don’t have to worry about the trappings of an urban community. The parents don’t have the worry about drug dealers selling drugs to their children or the danger that would potentially come to their children, due to drugs being sold within their community. Families are seen sitting on the porch enjoying themselves with no fear of getting caught up in a firearm crossfire. The police are seen patrolling the communities and are on call 24 hours seven days a week. Generally if one calls the police for help they would come out to the aid the person, calls are not ignored or worst yet viewed as not urgent it can wait as is regularly done in urban communities. The families living in City Island for the most part have great paying jobs paying above 50,000 dollars a year, as they are for the most part relief of worrying about falling into poverty like the people in urban communities such as Hunts Point who generally have low paying jobs or no jobs at all. In the summer time in City Island you can see most of the families on their boats or on their yachts having parties. As these people live totally differently lives then those of Black and Hispanic people living in urban communities in the Bronx. In 2003 the Department of Justice did a survey, and found that Black and Hispanic drivers are three times more likely to be searched than White drivers. White offenders are likely to receive lighter punishment than other minority groups. Black people who are arrested for drug possession for the first time are incarcerated forty times greater than white people. The incarceration rates are much higher for blacks and Latino people than whites. The Department of Justice found out that incarcerated rate is 4,619 per 1000,000 black males, and 1,747 per 100,000 for Hispanic males compared to 773 per 100,000 white males. White Privilege. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 04 Dec. 2012. Web. 13 Apr. 2012. . Our society seemingly can’t get pass racism as a result white people are treated differently within the judicial system as they are for the most part never arrested and if they are arrested they generally are given more leniency than those who are black or Hispanic. Ohio University professor, writer and civil right advocate Michelle Alexander researched found out that more African American men are in jail, prison, paroled or on probation than were enslaved in 1850 before the civil war began. Ms. Alexander argues in her new book â€Å"The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in Age of Colorblindness† that prisons have become the latest form of economic and social disfranchisement for young black males. Ms. Alexander asked a question in her book â€Å"If crime rates have fluctuated over the years and are now at historical low, then why have rates of incarcerated men of color skyrocketed over the past 30 years? † Michelle Alexander: More Black Men in Prison Than Were Enslaved in 1850 COLORLINES. COLORLINES. Web. 15 Apr. 2012. . Ms. Alexander answered the question as she indicates that it due to the increase of the war on drugs. A war on drugs that you will only find in the poor communities where black and Latino live. Ms. Alexander got some information from the L. A. progressive studies, which show that white’s males are selling and using illegal drugs at much higher rates than blacks and Latino. Five out ten young Black males in inner city communities can expect to be incarcerated then that of White male in their lifetime. Ms. Alexander also states in here book that â€Å"Once a black man is label a felon they will experiences all kinds’ discrimination that once applied in the Jim Crow era. Once a black man is labeled a felon, as he will be denied the right to vote, excluded from juries duty, and legally discriminated in employment. This is what African Americans forefather when thought when growing up in the Jim Crow era. Ms. Alexander uses a great example in the 2008 presidential election many African American was disenfranchised from voting. A rate of 5. 3 African Americans have currently or permanently lost their right of vote from being incarnated but For African American males the rate is seven times the nation average. Michelle Alexander: More Black Men in Prison Than Were Enslaved in 1850 COLORLINES. COLORLINES. Web. 15 Apr. 2012. . At New York State Assembly were I am interning for the past two semesters for Assemblymen Peter Rivera’s office; the Assemblyman has advocate for racial discrimination in state government employment against Blacks and Hispanic. Assemblyman Rivera has been working with President of Black in Government Mr.ton Simpson has been investigating how Civil Service have been under representing minorities in government employment. According to Assemblyman Peter Rivera â€Å"After finding brief analysis data from the Department of Civil Service the data show a problematic trend in hiring African Americans and Hispanics that need to be stop and resolve†. Assemblyman River also added, â€Å"It is unsettling to see that white minority communities are experiencing an explosion growth their access to civil service employment is declining. This is absolutely unacceptable†. Assemblyman Peter Rivera Press Release Saturday, April 16, 2005. New York State Assembly. Web. 15 Apr. 2012. . President of Blacks in Government Mr. Merton Simpson Whom sue New York State for not given him the right to review and challenge opportunity on a promotion test he believe and rightfully passed. At the time Mr. Simpson work for the civil services department and believe the test was racial bias and don’t want Blacks and Hispanic people seeking management or supervisory positions. Mr. Simpson written Civil Services and Equal Opportunity Employment, but both failed to rectify the problem. Mr. Simpson and several other minority employees whom felt that Civil Services Department was being unfair filed a law suit in the Northern District Court against New York State for being racial bias on a test. Mr. Simpson eventually lost his job and the state excuse him of fomenting trouble. Mr. Simpson and the other minority employees won the case and said that â€Å"We are only looking for fairness in testing and hope this will improve the civil services system†. New York State Offers $45M to End Civil Service Test Bias Lawsuit. Times Union. Web. 16 Apr. 2012. . The experience I had at my internship was sorrow but positive at the same time. It show the state must be impartial not only to whites employees but to Black and Hispanics employees as well. In our society today it has become somewhat difficult to avoid discrimination for certain segment of our population in particularly black and Hispanic as they refuse to hire them and if they hire them they are discriminated against in the forms of such as never getting promotions, receiving lower pay and been look down upon as not being capable to perform their duties effectively. Laws are put in place to prevent certain types of discrimination; however there are always loopholes in getting around these laws. Employers cannot discriminate against one because of the skin color or but it is being done in the most not easily seen ways that it can become difficult to see. I believe that there has to be some clear distinctive individual goals put in place for each employer, so that they may understand the benefits of hiring black and Hispanics which just not benefits the workplace as it lends to tolerance for each other, and for those employers who have hired blacks and Hispanics there has to be goals put implemented for tolerance for diversity within the workplace. Inclusiveness of all races in the workplace presents for a better society. Presenting these ideas to employer would be most difficult and I would like to set my ideas and plans in direct ways to help in this area someday. The first set goals that I would like to draft and then present to employers it in the form of workshops designed in the form of role playing, teaching materials and homework to see if the steps are being learned and fostered. Secondly I would come up with a bud system or a mentors system where blacks and Hispanics would be teamed up a someone other than their own ethnicity within the workplace, as the mentoring is presented just not in the workplace but outside the workplace as well. I believed that this can be done within the workplace through implementing and distribute direct discrimination policy that clearly states disciplinary action warranted if not carried out. The plans will allow for teaching acceptances to providing learning about another cultural distinctions such as religion or ethnic traditions and holidays, Create worker caucus or councils groups to discuss workplace experiences and to suggest solutions, encourage workers to tell managers or employers about discrimination against others or themselves, to take action when discrimination presents its ugly head, and finally conduct discrimination policy training classes at every level. I will then present these goals to the executive office so they can get behind me and support these goals. I believe the executive office that accept and foster these goals will be on the road of diminishing discrimination within the workplace. Finally, white privilege is the privilege advantage over non-white people, as they are given special freedom or immunity that non-white groups are not exempt from. The article Contributing to America‘s Cradle to Prison Pipeline Crisis, Community Organization the Elderly Poor in San Francisco’s Tenderloin District and Multicultural Community Practice Strategies and Intergroup Empowerment. The articles present examples as to how society has given special freedom and immunity to whites but blacks are not given the same exemptions. Blacks are perceived to be the cause of society ills as they are lazy and are on welfare, taking and selling drugs, contribute to the high crime rates, uneducated, uncivilized and violet. The fact are that there are more whites on welfare than blacks on the welfare rolls as whites make up 46. 2 percent on welfare while blacks make up 33 percent. More whites are using and selling drugs, and there are just as much uneducated whites as to blacks; however society makes excuses for whites and allow acceptance more so than for blacks. Blacks are more likely to be criminalized as they are given little to no immunity within the judicial system. Once a black person receives a felon record they are even more discriminated against as they lose the right to vote, to obtain public housing and it becomes more difficult to obtain employment. Society has to understand that we are all one people there is no one group more superior than another group. We are all human beings living in the world, as we live the only one life that was given to us tolerance for diversity has to be implemented and foster in our society. Life is truly short and if you blink to long it is gone, if people could understand this concept I believe that it would be a better world for all people.

How Does Social Class Affect Life Chances?

How Does Social Class Affect Life Chances? LIFE CHANCES SOCIAL CLASS CONTINUES TO HAVE A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON LIFE CHANCES OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE CONTEMPORARY UK. DISCUSS THIS VIEW, USING APPROPRIATE EVIDENCE. In a modern western society individuals strive to achieve the things that are labelled as desirable, the best phone, a big house and a nice car. These are all known as commodities alongside education, health and housing but these commodities are very rarely distributed equally and so actually achieving these things can be difficult (Stroud, 2001). The ability and opportunity a person has to achieve these commodities is known as a person’s life chances. There are various factors that can determine a person’s life chances including genetic inheritance, social class of parents, education, childhood poverty, family, attitudes and discrimination, plus many more (Aldridge, 2004). A person’s life chances will often be determined by their social class within their society. Social class is one of the oldest and possibly one of the most persistent inequalities in British society. Classes are groups of people that all share the same ideals, opportunities and cultural belief s. These class systems can be defined by achieved or ascribed status. Achieved status is status that has been worked for, whereas ascribed status is from birth. Some class systems have social mobility, which gives individuals the opportunity to move up or down classes. Throughout history there have been records of many different class systems, including slavery, the feudal system and the Hindu caste system. Some of these class systems still exist even in today’s modernised world. Despite many adaptions taking place as life continues to change according to the National Equality Panel the UK is still a long way from being a society of equal opportunity. There has been a lot of change over the last two decades that have indeed improved the life chances of many; these changes have narrowed the inequalities in earnings, gender and education for ethnic minorities (Timmins, 2010). The biggest inequality that can be seen within the UK would be with income, with the majority of the UK’s wealth being owned by only a small percentage. Within the contemporary UK there appears to be a class system divided into three categories, upper class, middle class and working class. For each of these three classes there will be differences in the kind of advantages or disadvantages the people within them can have. These differences may be recognised by obvious inequality with commodities such as council housing or privately owned housing in select locations, education at select schools compared to state education, private healthcare opposed to NHS healthcare and highly paid occupations against poorly paid or no occupation opportunities. There could also be disadvantages due to a person’s accent and dialect, appearance and clothing and the leisure activities that person indulges in. There may also be other less obvious inequalities, from social class, that can affect a person’s life chances. In a modern society social class and life chances depend largely on economic differences between groups, such as wealth and income, possession of goods, and a person’s position in society (SFEU, n.d). The biggest differences in social class within the UK can be seen through a person’s occupation. The upper classes can live off unearned income, such as land rents or inheritance. There are not many upper class people living off unearned income, despite there being some very wealthy people. In the UK most people fall into middle class or working class categories. The middle class is broken down into the higher middle class and the lower middle class. The higher middle class hold occupations in professional work such as law, medicine or owning businesses. This type of work requires education, qualifications and skills. While the lower middle class hold occupations such as teachers and opticians. At one time lower middle class occupations were sought after and would have bee n regarded as higher middle class, but due to these professions now being stable well paid positions they have decreased in class standing (Mills, 1956, cited in Anon, n.d). Working classes hold manual labour occupations and although this can often require a lot of skill it is not generally well paid (Anon, n.d). It is more than obvious to say that if a child has a good education and achieves high qualifications then that child is most likely to gain a high paying job. A person born into a family living in poverty would obviously not have the same opportunity to attend a top quality private school as a person born into a wealthy family. There is also the consideration of catchment areas with education that could prevent a person being able to attend a better school than provided in their local area. A lot of the best schools in the UK do have scholarship and bursary opportunities, however these do not always apply as some of the individuals from poorer societies are unable or unaware of how to apply for this assistance and if they do they could still be refused. For instance, a child from a council estate, living with unemployed parents on the outskirts of a city would not be able to go to a private funded school in a big city. Whereas a child with parents as actors will almost always be inst antly enrolled to the best private schools available. The main factor that affects health inequality in the UK is social class. There are many studies that show people born in to poor families have less chance of survival, grow up with poor health and may die at an early age. NHS waiting lists at an all time high, those individuals with either low incomes or no incomes are increasingly waiting longer for potentially lifesaving treatment. In contrast to this those people in what is considered the upper classes are able to pay to have treatment privately and almost immediately, also having the opportunity to choose the best surgeon/doctor to perform the treatment. There is also the fact that many working class occupations cause illness but the people suffering are unable to take time away from their employment for fear of dismissal. Health inequalities may not be directly caused by social class itself but more as a result of social class inequality. Poor health can be a result of poor living conditions, bad eating habits, behavioural habi ts such as smoking and drinking and lack of exercise (Macintyre, cited in Burton, 2014). Another difference between life chances and differing social classes is the way crime is handled. A lot of national statistics state that most crime is committed by working class males. This is not necessarily true as a lot of wealthy people often commit crimes but are not prosecuted. Even when they are prosecuted there are major differences in the treatment involved. For instance a white working class male arrested for fraud will find himself face down on the pavement and handcuffed behind his back. He will then be taken to a local police station, thrown in a cell and eventually interviewed for hours before having DNA, fingerprints and photographs taken before being released. In total contrast to this a wealthy public figure such as a politician or celebrity would be contacted through their PA or agent with a request to attend the police station at a time suitable and convenient for them. They will not be handcuffed, put in a cell or subjected to many hours of interrogation. They ma y have to provide DNA, fingerprints and photographs but this could also depend on the person in question. REFERENCES Aldridge, S. (2004) Life Chances Social Mobility: An Overview of the Evidence [online]. Available from: http://www.swslim.org.uk/documents/themes/lt10_lifechances_socialmobility.pdf [Accessed on: 25th February 2014]. Anon. (n.d) Social Inequality Class War [online]. Available from: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=4ved=0CE4QFjADurl=https%3A%2F%2Fhwb.wales.gov.uk%2Fcms%2Fhwbcontent%2FShared%2520Documents%2Fvtc%2F2009-10%2Fsociology%2Fj-griffiths-a2%2F08%2520Class%2520inequality.docei=cwUNU9qYGoLC7AaH0YGADQusg=AFQjCNHztbBO4TkYV-B6XSNIwk_jZoTLiAsig2=Jpwtyqz8c6wbtXevFwkpBwbvm=bv.61725948,d.ZGUcad=rja [Accessed on: 25th February 2014]. Burton, J. (2013) Class and Stratification Access Sociology [Class Hand-out]. Access to Social Science: Life Chances, Northampton College. 1st March. Crossman, A. (n.d) Sociology of Social Inequality [online]. Available from: http://sociology.about.com/od/Disciplines/a/Sociology-Of-Social-Inequality.htm [Accessed on: 27th February 2014]. Scottish Further Education Unit. (n.d) Sociology Social Stratification Intermediate  ½ [online]. Available from: https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=ssource=webcd=5ved=0CFYQFjAEurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.educationscotland.gov.uk%2FImages%2FSocialStratInt12_tcm4-335917.docei=cwUNU9qYGoLC7AaH0YGADQusg=AFQjCNFy43tMDIvoc1psuuKEX06umWxxgQsig2=5lS1A_bga4yStmZ-aZ4NxAbvm=bv.61725948,d.ZGUcad=rja [Accessed on: 25th February 2014]. Sparknotes. (n.d) Social Stratification and Inequality. Modern Stratification Systems [online]. Available from: http://www.sparknotes.com/sociology/social-stratification-and-inequality/section3.rhtml [Accessed on: 27th February 2014]. Stroud, A. (2001) How Social Class Affects Life Chances [online]. Available from: http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/sociology/how-social-class-affects-life-chances.html [Accessed on: 27th February 2014]. Timmins, N. (2010) Social advantages still shape life chances [online]. Available from: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/72110f9e-0ab1-11df-b35f-00144feabdc0.html axzz2ujHY6eXs [Accessed on: 1st March 2014]. BIBLIOGRAPHY Angel, L. (2007) Sociology (Analyse the relationship between social class and life chances)? [online]. Available from: http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070121091107AADtlDM [Accessed on: 27th February 2014]. Bancroft, A. Rogers, S. (2010) Introduction to Sociology. Max Weber – Class, Status and Power [online]. Available from: http://www.cf.ac.uk/socsi/undergraduate/introsoc/weber11.html [Accessed on: 27th February 2014]. Rafaelz5. (2008) Does social class still influence people’s life chances and lifestyle? [online] Available from: http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080810055743AA8X0wM [Accessed on: 27th February 2014]. S-cool. (n.d) Class [online]. Available from: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/sociology/inequalities/revise-it/class [Accessed on: 1st March 2014].

Comparing Retribution in Achebe’s Things Fall Apart and Roy’s The God O

Comparing Retribution in Achebe’s Things Fall Apart and Roy’s The God Of Small Things A close look at two novels, Things Fall Apart, and The God Of Small Things, reveals examples of how their authors illustrate that fate supplies retribution for wrongs done. In Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart, there are three linked instances of this type of retribution. First, Ikemefuna details an innocent young man who is unknowingly punished for the crime of another person. Second, Okonkwo is exiled from his village for an accidental crime. Achebe suggests that this is more than coincidence, that this is repayment for his intentional murder of the boy who called him â€Å"father.† Finally, it is suggested that this punishment is also a consequence of his excessive pride. Without Okonkwo’s fear of weakness, he could have avoided killing the innocent Ikemefuna. In a completely different continent and time period, Arundhati Roy’s novel The God Of Small Things expresses very similar occurrences of retribution. In Roy’s novel, three pe ople’s lives are altered for the worse because of their involvement in two deaths. Ammu makes selfish and hasty decisions that end up coming back to haunt both her and her children. This in turn influences her children to make similar decisions, which prolong the cycle of punishment in their lives. The first instance of fated punishment we find in Achebe’s novel, Things Fall Apart, is in the death of a teenage boy, Ikemefuna. In this particular example, the burden of the crime is not borne by the guilty party. Ikemefuna, innocent of any crime himself, is forced from his village as payment for the crime of a member of his Mbaino community. More specifically, Ikemefuna’s father was involved i... ...ish. After all, they are set on different continents, and in different time periods. However it is clear that Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe, and The God of Small Things, by Arundhati Roy in truth, share a great deal of common ground. On multiple occasions in each novel, characters experience a grave twist of fate that can be attributed to the selfish actions of themselves or someone close to them. This explains why the most interesting similarity these two novels share is the underlying tension, and tone of fated retribution that is detailed above.   Ã‚   Works Cited 1. Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Twentieth Century. Ed. M. H. Abrams. W. W. Norton &Co. Inc.: New York, 2000. 2617-2706.    2. Roy, Arundhati. The God Of Small Things. HarperCollins Publishers Inc.: New York, 1997.

Writing: Life Expectancy and Ancient Egyptians Life

King Tutu became king at age 9 and led his empire from 1333 to 1322 BC. Considering this, the young king had little time to train or plan for his leadership. Instead, he moved directly from childhood to adult responsibilities. Like other Ancient Egyptians, King Tutu married at a young age. Whereas the modern day search for a marriage partner may take decades. The ancient Egyptians had no such leisure to make prolonged marriage decisions. King Tutu and his wife had two children who died as babies. While such deaths would lead o shock and immeasurable grief today, they were common then.So, parents could not count on watching their children grow up. Unlike modern humans, few Egyptians would have ever dreamed of holding their grandchildren in their arms, though some city-dwellers may have achieved this goal, as they had a lower mortality rate compared to village residents. Other causes of a shorter life expectancy included tuberculosis, polio, and malnutrition. Diseases occasionally brok e out, causing utter devastation. Many of these diseases were fatal, and unlike today, few could be cured r even treated.Still, today's scholars dispute King Tutu died at an age that was considered young even then: 19. King Tutu possibly died from an infection that, even If It had been vigorously treated, would have required antibiotics not yet In existence. Ultimately, his doctors' techniques were limited because they lived before modern medicine. Since the time of the ancient Egyptians, humankind has made great strides prolonging life expectancy. In fact, by ancient Egyptian standards, modern longevity is truly awesome. The Egyptians would be shocked to know that, these days, mom people even discuss immortality as a future possibility.He continued his search for years, ultimately coming very close to Warm Mineral spring. Still popular today, the spring thousands of years. It is possible that Leon never whether the spring was the fountain he was seeking, because he (use) for (learn ) (lose) his life in battle there. People from many cultures and of years. Most recently, the well-known American magician, David Copperfield, claimed that he had discovered the true fountain amid islands in the Bahamas. Copperfield (report) that when dying bugs are out in contact with the water, they will fly again.Copperfield purchased the island group, and since then, scientists (conduct) experiments of the waters to determine their restorative powers. The island group visitors for the past several years. (close) to 5. Write a description of your current life, imagining that your life expectancy is only 30. * Write an interesting introduction. * Describe your imaginary life using sensory details of smell, sight, sound, taste, and touch. * Include figures of speech in your description * Include a clear conclusion. * Use the vocabulary and grammar from Unit 1

Irony Analysis of the Gift of the Magi Essays

Irony Analysis of the Gift of the Magi Essays Irony Analysis of the Gift of the Magi Paper Irony Analysis of the Gift of the Magi Paper Chase Tidmore Intro To Lit Analyst Ms. Sheperis 10/20/11 Irony Within â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† â€Å"Irony is a disciplinarian feared only by those who do not know it, but cherished by those who do†, Soren Kierkegaard knew what he was talking about when he said these famous words. â€Å"The Gift of the Magi†, written by William Sidney Porter, often known by his pen name O. Henry. It is a short story depicting literary elements of irony, romance, and Porters sense of twist endings, and is all about a poor couples Christmas. Because of the end results of Della and Jims sense of self sacrifice, â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† displays almost a word for word example of what irony is defined as. Irony is a rhetorical literary device, literary technique, or situation in which there is a sharp incongruity or discordance that goes beyond the simple and evident intention of words or actions. In this sense, the world irony would mean speech that means the opposite of what it is actually intended to be used. Irony could be broken into a few different categories: verbal irony (most commonly sarcasm), dramatic irony, and situational irony. For something like situational irony, the actions or events in a story will usually be enacted by a specific character and unbeknownst to the character, their action will have an effect that is completely opposite of their desired intentions. â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† was a great example of this, because the lovers tried to fake their deaths, only to actually die in the process (this is, of course, a very morbid example). Porter does a much better example of situational irony in â€Å"The Gift of the Magi† when he writes his twist ending to fit into ironic story at the end. The Gift of the Magi† is a great example of irony, situational irony to be specific. If one were to look again at what â€Å"situation irony† is, Merriam-Webster would define the term as â€Å" irony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite of what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what is expected†. This is laid out first when Della lear ns that Jim had bought her a beautiful set of tortoise shell combs with bejeweled rims for her (once) beautiful hair. This example is a textbook example of what situational irony is. Della had spent hours and hours looking for a way to make any money so that she could buy Jim the perfect gift, but the only way she could make any money was to get rid of her most prized possession: her hair. Leaving the story at this would have been a great romantic endeavor, but the author decided that he would display a masterful element to change the entire dynamic of the tale by having Jim bring home a set of beautiful combs for her. Now lets recap, situational irony is when actions that have an opposite of the intended effect. So with that definition repeated, the readers see that even though Author William Porter spent a majority of the story having Della selling her â€Å"rippling and shining. cascade of brown waters†, only so that her majestic combs be deemed useless. However, the ironic twists do not end with a set of tortoise shell combs. It has already been established that the irony was evident with Della gift from Jim, but what about his gift? Della sold her hair so she could buy a â€Å" platinum fob chain simple and chaste in design She sells her brown locks of hair so her husband can have the perfect accessory to his most prized possession, his generations old pocket watch. So Della may have a useless gift of combs that she can not use for her short hair, but at least she was able to get a great gift for Jim right? Before that is answered, do not forget that Porter spent a little time explaining that Jim only made 20 dollars a week. So how did he manage to buy the most beautiful set of c ombs when they were clearly out of reach of his budget? Simple, he sold his watch so he could get enough money, only to receive a chain for said watch. That was the irony train making its shipping route come in full circle. Once again, irony is an action that is that is opposite of its intentional effect. What the author presented the audience with is a young poor couple that literally sold their most prized possession, hair and a pocket watch respectively, out of love for one another, only to receive accessories for the very items they just sold. This is something that is usually only seen on TV sitcoms, for example, when two people wear the same outfit in an embarrassing fashion. It was clearly dumb luck (or misfortune, depending how the reader reads it) that on the same day each lover sheds their precious material good to do what they feel is more important, to make their respective spouse happy, no matter what. Situational irony is any actual irony involving a situation in which action have a have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what is expected. The situational irony set in place Porters world of Jim and Dellas house is almost tangible it is so obvious. What the audience has is a wife who sold her hair to buy a chain for a pocket watch, only to receive combs that were bought from the earnings of said sold watch. The story ends on a quirky note, a note that one might feel could be a deep and meaningful lesson in life. Jim tells Della of the ironic situation that they had put themselves into, only to follow up by asking her to put the pork chops on the oven for supper.